U.S. Financial Services Regulatory and Charter Models

The U.S. financial system is in a period of structural fragmentation. Traditional banks coexist with fintech platforms, crypto firms, and payment stablecoin issuers under a widening range of federal and state regulatory regimes. This diffusion reflects innovation and competition – but also raises questions about safety, soundness, consumer protection, and systemic resilience.  This summary provides an overview of this landscape. 

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